R8166 Getting the Incentives Right, Incorporating Strategies for Improving Services to Low-income Consumers within PSP Water Sector Contracts To research approaches to incorporating incentives for private sector operators to provide services for low income groups within lease/affermage. R8163 Application of Tools to Support National Sanitation Policies To develop tools and guidelines to assist governments to create national sanitation policies that enable small-scale community and households centred approaches to be developed. R8162 Increasing the Uptake of Techniques which Improve Success and Sustainability of Wells and Boreholes To develop a comprehensive manual suitable for non-specialist project staff for locating groundwater and drilling, construction and testing of boreholes in the whole range of hydrogeological environments. R8060 Better Access to Water in Informal Urban Settlements Trough Support to Water-Providing Enterprises To identify constraints, opportunities and strategies for enambling small-scale independent water providers to deliver an acceptable water-service to pooor urban consumers. R8059 Domestic Water Supply and Sanitation Access and Use by Physically Disabled People Improved knowledge and use of affordable aids, methodologies and structures by organisations and individuals who assist physically disabled people and their families living in low income communities to maximise their access to, and use of, the domestic water cycle. R8034 Secure Water: Building Livelihood into Demand Responsive Approaches To increase understanding among interveners in the water sector of water-livelihood links, enhancing their capacity to eliminate poverty in demand-responsive approaches. (Inception Phase only.) R8029 Improved Risk Assessment and Management in Piped Water Supplies Improve the management and monitoring of water quality in urban piped water supplies by controlling risks of contamination in a cost-effective, sustainable and equitable manner that reduces health risks to the urban poor. R8028 Gender Issues in the Promotion of Hygiene and Sanitation Amongst the Urban Poor To achieve strategic improvements in sanitation amongst the urban poor through promoting more effective gender-sensitive institutional policies and project practices. R7852 Optimised Management of WATSAN Services in Small Towns To enable small towns to improve and optimise sustainable WATSAN services and thus meet WATSAN needs of the poor. R7833 Roof Water Harvesting for Poorer Houeholds in the Tropics Development of affordable roofwater harvesting technoloiges to meet the water needs of poor households in the humid tropics. R7819 Social Marketing for Urban Sanitation To enhance the abolity of key stakeholder agencies to plan and manage social marketing programmes for latrines in low income urban communities. R7817 Guidelines for Sustainable Handpump Projects in Africa Improved sustainability of communal handpumps in Africa through an increased awareness of the factors affecting successful implementation and management. R7535 Simplified Sewerage: Windows Based PC Design Package To develop a Window based PC design package for simplified sewerage in both fully developed and partially developed peri-urban areas in developing countries. R7388 Public Private Partnerships And The Poor In Water And Sanitation This proposal is to determine workable processes whereby the needs of the poor can be included in strategies which encourage public-private partnerships in the provision of water and sanitation services. Through undertaking case studies, it will produce guidelines for PPP addressing issues of inclusion and equity. R7387 Institutionalisation Of Strategic Sanitation Practice This proposal is to further test and develop the conceptual framework for the Strategic Sanitation Approach which was started in DFID KAR Project R6875. It proposes to do this by producing strategic sanitation plans in several locations in India, and in Pakistan. It will produce a handbook and video of the methodology. R7386 Designing Water Supply And Sanitation Projects To Meet Demand: The Engineer's Role This proposal is to research the past and current practices of designing water and sanitation projects and the levels of participation of the poorest with the limitations of demand responsive approaches. Based on this, it will produce guidelines for use by water and sanitation staff to design demand responsive projects which offer informed choices of levels of service and technologies with potential for up-grading, particulary addressing the needs of the poorest. R7327 Water Law, Water Rights And Water Supply (Africa) To identify and promote awareness and understanding of the constraints and enabling conditions provided to domestic water supply provision for the rural/urban poor, by local/national water laws and water rights issues. R7237 Domestic Water Use and Environmental Health in East Africa Drawers of Water II: Identify effective policy options and practicable interventions that support sustained improvements in water and health and reduce poverty in East Africa. Analyse the key factors shaping long-term trends and changes in domestic water use and environmental health in 34 rural and urban communities in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, - using the "Drawers of Water" study data from the 1960s as a baseline. R7130 Pricing And Service Differentiation Of Utility Watsan For The Poor Most urban areas have watsan systems, but most urban poor do not receive benefits. The research aims to alleviate poverty by determining how utilities can use pricing and service differentiation to benefit all and move towards financial sustainability. R7129 Practical Guide To Mainstreaming Gender In Water Projects Development, testing and dissemination of a practical guide which will enable engineers, planners and managers to consider the needs of both women and men in peri-urban and rural water, sanitation and irrigation projects. R7128 Community-Led Improvement Of Drinking Water Supplies Low cost technologies and software to encourage improvement of traditional water supplies by users; for incorporation in health education programmes/PAP particularly for those rural poor presently unable to sustain higher technology options. R7127 Enhancing ENGKAR Research: Practical Guidelines On Research Dissemination Strategies Development of guidelines for the dissemination of KAR research projects based on literature review, case study analysis and consultation with stakeholders (contractors and users of research). R7126 Private Sector Participation in Low Cost Water Well Drilling The design, testing and documentation of a new low-cost water well drilling rig suitable for drilling in alluvial formations and Basement regolith in Africa; the manufacture of the rig in Africa; and the uptake and use of the rig by small contractors. R7125 Groundwater Drought Early Warning For Vulnerable Areas To develop an early warning system of groundwater drought for vulnerable areas and a menu of actions that could be triggered by that system, in Southern Africa. R7124 Linking Urban Sanitation Agencies With Poor Community Needs Study of the sanitation strategies of poor urban communities in southern Africa and of local institutions that work with them. Identification of key areas and recommendation of key interventions that should make institutions more responsive to community needs. R6875 Practical Development Of Strategic Sanitation Concepts Exploration of the practical implications of the UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program's Strategic Sanitation Approach through a combination of literature review, case studies and recording of a pilot project process in India and leading to the development of a guide to good practice. R6874 Urban Water Supply Monitoring In Developing Countries To develop a cost-effective and sustainable model for monitoring of water supplies in urban areas of developing countries that is linked to management decision making for improving water supply and quality and is applicable world-wide. R6873 Assessment And Programme Design For Emergency Sanitation The preparation and dissemination of field guidelines and checklists for the assessment of sanitation and hygiene education needs in emergencies and designing programmes for their implementation. R6872 Intermittent Water Supply Systems: Design And Control Development of guidelines for the design and operation of intermittent water distribution systems, using a modified network model incorporating pressure dependent demand functions plus an optimal design/control procedure to maximise equity in supply at least cost. R6871 Optimisation Of Water Stabilisation Pond Design For Pathogen Removal Using Field Assessment And Hydraulic Modelling Development, evaluation and application of a general methodology for integrating rapid field monitoring, biological tracers and a hydraulic model for improving the performance of waste stabilisation ponds. R6576 The Sustainable Use Of Urban Environmental Health Indicators The development of community-based environmental health indicators to identify need and act as a tool to facilitate dialogue between low income communities and environmental service planners and providers. R6575 Gender Issues In The Management Of Water Projects Study of institutional and field level gender aspects of official and NGO water supply and sanitation project interventions in Nepal and North India. Identification and dissemination of key interventions to promote effective and sustainable practical and strategic roles for women. R6574 Contracting-out Of Services For Water And Sanitation Determination of which watsan institutions (L&MIC) are contracting-out what range of services with what declared benefits by which contract approach for improved, cheaper services to consumers. R6572 Development Of Integrated Relief Agency Water Treatment Systems R6568 Integrated Framework For Rural Water Supply And Sanitation In Groundwater Dependent Areas Develop guidelines to prepare integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation programmes, within which projects can be planned for institutional, technical and environmental sustainability. R6256 Rapid Assessment Of Emergency Water Sources R6255 Evaluation Of Natural Fabrics For Slow Sand Filtration The potential use of natural, indigenous fabric materials will enhance the feasibility and sustainability of water treatment technology. The project has evaluated the feasibility of natural fabrics for this purpose and has made recommendations for further work. R6253 Biological Removal Of Iron From Borehole Handpump Water Supplies The development and testing of a handpump-attachable biofilter for the removal of iron from groundwater. A successful design would be affordable, in the context of borehole-handpump water supply projects, and maintainable at village level. R6179 Water Treatment Technologies Using Natural Materials Establishment of methodologies to optimise Moringa cultivation and product use in water and waste water treatment and as oil to improve prosperity and health of rural communities in developing countries. R6082 Water Supply And Sanitation Collaborative Council R6077B Global Applied Research Network (GARNET) A network designed to facilitate information exchange between researchers, funders and practitioners of applied research in the sector. R5505 Small Scale Multistage Treatment R5477 Performance BAsed Evaluation Of Surface Drainage In Low-Income Communities To improve drainage design and operation for low-income communities through better understanding of the relationships between performance, operations maintenance and repair (OMR), and design and construction, and to develop simplified guidelines for drainage evaluation in slum improvement projects. R4857 On Plot Sanitation In Low Income Urban Communities At community level, supply driven approaches to sanitation have frequently been translated into a preference for waterborne sewerage systems, despite their history of poor performance, management and operation. Some authorities and sector professionals feel that whilst on-plot sanitation might be appropriate in rural areas, it was generally unsuitable in towns, unless regarded as a (preferably short-term) route to 'better' forms of sanitation. Notions that tend to prevail among professionals include the idea that household latrines are unsuitable on small plots, that latrine systems are malodorous and an insect nuisance, and that most householders find these systems unacceptable. R4573 Development Of A Gravel Bed Hydroponic System To Treat Toxic Industrial Wastes The use of Gravel-Bed Hydroponic (GBH) reed beds, or constructed wetlands, for wastewater treatment in Egypt was studied in two major research projects covering domestic and industrial wastewater and reuse of treated effluent in agriculture. Teams of scientists and engineers in the UK (University of Portsmouth) and Egypt (Suez Canal University) built, monitored and evaluated the operational performance of constructed wetlands as an appropriate technology for semi-arid, developing countries. D1111 Research Monographs In Tropical Public Health Engineering Production of research monographs in tropical public health engineering